Paying special attention to learning the names of common fallacies, biases, and rhetorical tricks.
There is two questions they are both to be 200-300 words each. Here is question 1: Prior to beginning work on this discussion, read Chapters 7 and 8 in your textbook, and read the instructor In addition, to help you better to know the fallacies, watch the following videos:
- Fallacies Chris Foster (Links to an external site.)
- Cognitive Biases: What They Are, Why They’re Important (Links to an external site.)
- Fallacies: Appeal to Authority (Links to an external site.)
- Fallacies: Appeal to Popular Belief (Links to an external site.)
- Fallacies: Begging the Question (Broad Sense) (Links to an external site.)
- Fallacies: Begging the Question (Narrow Sense) (Links to an external site.)
- Fallacies: False Dilemma (Links to an external site.)
- Fallacies: Slippery Slope (Links to an external site.)
- The Ad Hominem Fallacy (Links to an external site.)
- The “Red Herring” Fallacy (Links to an external site.)
- The “Straw Man” Fallacy (Links to an external site.)
- What Is a Fallacy? (Links to an external site.)
Discussion Prompt
Once you learn the names of the major logical fallacies, you will probably start noticing them all over the place, including in advertisements, movies, TV shows, and everyday conversations. This can be both fascinating and frustrating, but it can certainly help you to avoid certain pitfalls in reasoning that are unfortunately very common. This exercise gives you a chance to practice identifying fallacies as they occur in daily life.
Prepare: Read through Chapter 7 of the course text, paying special attention to learning the names of common fallacies, biases, and rhetorical tricks.
Reflect: Search through common media sources looking for examples of fallacies. Some common places to find fallacies include advertisements, opinion pieces in news media, and arguments about politics, religion, and other controversial issues. You may also notice fallacies in your daily life.
Write: Present three distinct informal logical fallacies you have discovered in these types of sources or in your life. Make sure to identify the specific fallacy committed by each example. Explain how the fallacies were used and the context in which they occurred. Finally, explain how the person should have presented the argument in order to avoid committing this logical error.
Read the fallacies presented by your classmates and analyze the reasoning that they have presented. Respond in a way that furthers the discussion. For example, you might comment on any of the following types of questions: Have ever seen or fallen for similar fallacies in your own life? Are any of the cases presented also instances of some other type of fallacy? Is there a sense in which the reasoning might not be fallacious in some cases? What can people do to avoid falling for such fallacies in the future?
Here is QUESTION 2: Discussion Prompt
Logic and critical thinking are highly relevant to the events we see in the world around us. This discussion gives you a chance to share an example. Start by selecting an event that is going on in the world right now. It could be something in the news, something you have learned about from science, technology, an academic field, or even something important and relevant that is going on in your life. It should be an issue that allows for different perspectives (there are many ways to define “perspectives” … they could be about whether the thing is true, good, real, important, being done in the right way, etc.).
In your post,
- Share a source (or sources) that addresses or explains the issue/topic/event (you do not have to use scholarly sources here).
- Share an argument on each side of the issue or explain the two different perspectives.
- Evaluate the reasoning surrounding this topic. Address questions such as the following:
- Are the competing positions clear?
- Do the two positions/perspectives actually contradict each other?
- Are the premises of the arguments strongly supported by evidence?
- Do the arguments use good reasoning?
- Are any fallacies or biases committed by either side?
- Why do people hold the different positions/perspectives?
- How might either (or both) sides express their perspectives more effectively?
- Evaluate the rhetoric that surrounds this topic: Address questions such as the following: Are people being civil and fair minded in how they address the issue? How might one strive for greater fairness, objectivity, and civility in how we address this kind of topic? If we did so, would society be more likely to make progress on issues such as this?
A note about controversy and civility: Many of the topics that may come up in this forum will be controversial in nature. Understandably, students will have very different perspectives on them. In order to learn from each other, to avoid creating contention, keep in mind the following: It is not necessary to represent your own views here. You are welcome to present the arguments on both sides of the issue without taking sides yourself. This will allow students to talk about the arguments (rather than trying to prove each other wrong). If you do present your own views, make sure to be highly respectful of the feelings and perspectives of those with different views as you do so. Civility is an essential part of how we learn from each other.
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