what are the top-down models of policy formulation and how do they differ from the bottom-up model?

what are the top-down models of policy formulation and how do they differ from the bottom-up model?

This paper will be part of Portfolio. This is the second part of the portfolio. However, the books were been used for this course 1-James E. Anderson. Public Policymaking (7th Edition). Houghton Mifflin. 2011. 2-John W.Kingdon, Agendas Alternatives, and Public Policies (updated 2nd Edition). Scott, Foresman & Co. 2011. Now, The questions for the second part (Policy Formulation Portfolio):
1-What is policy formulation and how does it differ from agenda setting?
2-Who determine policy formulation? who participates in policy formulation?
3-Explain why problem definition is important in the policy formulation process?
4-who are policy entrepreneurs and what is their role in problem definition?
5-what are the top-down models of policy formulation and how do they differ from the bottom-up model?
6- What is the technical difference between the rational comprehensive model and the incremental model of policy formulation? Explain the strengths and weaknesses of each model in the policy formulation process.
7-What is the target population model? how does it differ from the conventional conception of policy formulation?
8-Who are street-level bureaucrats? What are street-level bureaucracies?
9-How do street-level bureaucrats make public policy?

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what are the top-down models of policy formulation and how do they differ from the bottom-up model?

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